Needs – Fulfilment or imaginary?
At its core, ‘need’ represents a perceived lack within our lives. Whether it’s a need for something material like food or shelter, or something psychological such as love or acceptance, every need suggests that something essential is missing. Desire, according to Buddhist philosophy, leads to suffering because it perpetuates a state of lacking and grasping. When needs arise, they disturb our peace by suggesting that our current state is insufficient.
When a need is fulfilled, it confirms its existence as something genuine. For example, the need for nourishment is affirmed as real when eating relieves the pangs of hunger. Here, the need aligns with a fundamental requirement for survival. Conversely, if a need fades away without being fulfilled, one might argue it was never a true need but rather a transient desire. This observation is particularly relevant in the context of emotional or psychological needs, where distinguishing between deep-seated necessities and superficial wants becomes complex.
The paradox lies in the dual nature of needs as both real and illusory. On one hand, certain needs are indisputably real, as their fulfillment directly pertains to survival and well-being. On the other, many needs, when scrutinized, reveal themselves as constructs of the mind, shaped by societal, cultural, and personal expectations and conditioning. Stoic philosophy, for instance, teaches the value of distinguishing between what we can control and what we cannot, urging a detachment from external desires and an acceptance of what is. This detachment is not about suppression of need but rather a profound understanding of the ephemerality of external conditions.
Existentially, needs can be viewed as anchors that give meaning to our lives. Yet, this meaning is often predicated on the continual pursuit of fulfillment, which can lead to an endless cycle of desire and disappointment. Spiritually, transcending needs can be seen as a path to enlightenment, where one achieves a state of contentment and unity with all existence, free from the dualities of lack and fulfillment. Exploring the concept of need across both living and non-living entities broadens our understanding of the fundamental nature of existence. In living beings, needs are typically biologically or psychologically driven, manifesting as impulses towards survival, reproduction, and social bonding. In contrast, the ‘needs’ of non-living entities—such as the need for maintenance or preservation—are attributed by human perspectives, often reflecting our own values or necessities imposed upon objects or systems.
When a need vanishes without fulfillment, it raises profound questions about its existence. Was it a real need, or merely a temporary desire? This question aligns with the philosophical inquiry into the nature of being and non-being. In metaphysical terms, the disappearance of a need without fulfillment suggests that it may have been a contingent, not a necessary state. Contingent needs are dependent on specific conditions and perceptions, which can change over time and context, leading to the dissolution of the perceived need. The journey towards fulfilling a need is often fraught with turmoil and dissatisfaction. This chaos, particularly evident in the human experience, stems from the tension between current states of lack and the anticipated states of fulfillment. Psychologically, this turmoil can be seen in the frustration, anxiety, and even despair that arise in the pursuit of unmet needs. The existential tension here is the human confrontation with limitation and imperfection.
Philosophically, the condition of being ‘in need’ can be seen as a fundamental aspect of the human condition. Existential philosophers have long grappled with the notion of lack as a core component of existence. Jean-Paul Sartre, for instance, discussed how human consciousness is defined by a lack—being “for-itself” implies a constant striving towards an elusive “in-itself,” a state of being that remains perpetually out of reach, creating a perpetual state of desire and resultant existential void.
From another perspective, the chaos and discomfort experienced in the face of unmet needs can also be transformative. This aligns with the concept of “creative destruction” in economic theory, where old structures must be destroyed to make way for new, potentially more adaptive arrangements. Psychologically, enduring the discomfort of unfulfilled needs can lead to personal growth, resilience, and a deeper understanding of oneself and one’s true priorities. In spiritual traditions, particularly those influenced by non-dualistic philosophies, the ultimate aim is often described as transcending need altogether. This transcendence is not about achieving a state where no physical or psychological needs exist, but rather reaching a state of consciousness where one is no longer enslaved by those needs. This state is characterized by a profound inner peace and contentment, where external conditions no longer dictate one’s inner state. Thus, the existence of need, its fulfillment, or its vanishing without impact each carry significant implications. These phenomena invite us to reflect on the ephemeral and often illusory nature of needs. They challenge us to consider whether true fulfillment comes from satisfying every need or from cultivating a state of being that is free from the tyranny of need.
As we delve further into the dynamics of need and its fulfillment, it becomes crucial to distinguish between short-term satisfaction and long-term fulfillment. Immediate resolution of needs often brings temporary relief, but the underlying drivers—whether emotional, psychological, or spiritual—may still persist. This introduces a cyclical pattern where fulfilled needs may resurface or evolve into new desires, suggesting that the root of need is not merely in the external lack but in a deeper, internal void. Existentially, the concept of need pushes individuals to confront their freedom and responsibility. Jean-Paul Sartre’s idea of existential freedom suggests that while we are free to pursue our needs, we are also responsible for the choices we make in response to these needs. This freedom is double-edged; it empowers but also burdens us with the responsibility of discernment and decision-making, highlighting the existential challenge of navigating needs without clear, predefined paths. The pursuit of fulfilling all needs can create an illusion that perpetual satisfaction is attainable. This illusion can lead to constant striving and dissatisfaction, as each fulfilled need often gives rise to new desires. Philosophically, this reflects the Buddhist teaching on the nature of desire and suffering. Recognizing this cycle can lead to a profound existential and spiritual inquiry: Is there an end to need, or is the human condition inherently defined by endless desire?
In spiritual traditions, particularly those advocating non-attachment and detachment, the ultimate freedom is described as a state of needlessness. This does not imply a lack of engagement with the world but rather an engagement that is free from the compulsion of needs. Achieving such a state is often described as enlightenment, where one exists in complete harmony with the universe, undisturbed by individual desires and aversions. One of the central paradoxes in the realm of need is the tension between dependence and independence. On one hand, fulfilling basic needs often requires interdependence—relying on others and the environment, which seemingly contradicts the ideal of self-sufficiency. On the other hand, the more we fulfill certain needs, the more autonomous we may become, capable of pursuing higher, more abstract needs such as self-actualization. Yet, this pursuit can lead back to new dependencies, such as the need for validation or intellectual stimulation, illustrating a cyclical return to interdependence.
Needs emerge from a sense of lack or emptiness, driving us to seek fulfillment to feel complete. Paradoxically, this quest for completion through fulfilling needs can deepen the sense of emptiness, as each fulfillment often reveals new voids. This reflects the Buddhist notion that desire (and its fulfillment) inherently leads to suffering due to the impermanent nature of all conditioned phenomena. Thus, the very act of seeking wholeness through external fulfillment paradoxically perpetuates emptiness. Another paradox lies in the relationship between desire and liberation. In many spiritual traditions, liberation is attained through the cessation of desire. However, the initial movement towards liberation itself arises from a desire—the desire to be free from suffering. This presents a fundamental paradox: one must harness desire to ultimately transcend all desires. The path to liberation, therefore, involves navigating through desires in a way that gradually diminishes their power over one’s state of being. The pursuit of self-improvement is often driven by the recognition of one’s needs and deficiencies. This pursuit, intended to overcome limitations, paradoxically reaffirms those limitations by constantly highlighting areas of lack. The more one engages in self-improvement, the more one might become aware of further imperfections, potentially leading to a never-ending cycle of self-enhancement and the persistent sense of being ‘not enough.’
The ultimate understanding is that distinctions between need and fulfillment are illusory—both are manifestations of the same underlying reality, perceived differently due to mental conditioning and dualistic thinking. Here, the paradox is that need and its resolution are not truly separate; they are two sides of the same coin. Recognizing this non-duality can lead to a profound shift in how one experiences need and fulfillment, seeing them not as opposing forces but as interconnected aspects of life’s unfolding.
Into the Heart of Now: “NOW” Unveiled
We are what we are doing right now” taps into the philosophical and psychological realms of existence, perception, and human behaviour. Going further, we begin to see a confluence of various factors, which draw us away from the present moment, and push us into the embrace of either the past or the future. At the very heart of human existence is our incessant need to find meaning. We seek purpose, direction, and a sense of understanding about our lives. This pursuit often becomes a bridge connecting the past, present, and future. Our past experiences, both triumphant and traumatic, linger in our minds, continuously shaping our present perceptions. They become stories we tell ourselves, lessons we’ve learned, and at times, scars that haven’t fully healed. The future, on the other hand, represents our hopes, fears, dreams, and anxieties. It’s a canvas upon which we project our desires and apprehensions.
The expectation of outcomes is an inherent human trait. It is rooted in our evolutionary drive for predictability and control. For our ancestors, predicting potential dangers and outcomes was a matter of survival. Over millennia, this instinct has got inculcated with our complex cognitive structures, resulting in our modern-day anxieties about the future and ruminations on the past. However, the irony lies in the fact that the more we seek to control outcomes, the more we find ourselves entangled in a web of expectations. These expectations often lead to inner conflicts. When the present doesn’t align with our anticipated future, dissatisfaction ensues. And when the weight of past regrets is heavy, it dims the light of the present. Furthermore, the very act of striving to stay in the ‘now’ can itself become a source of distraction. If one is perpetually conscious about remaining anchored in the present, then this very consciousness becomes a barrier. The effort to stay present can sometimes be as distracting as the past memories or future anxieties that pull us away.
In today’s world, there’s also the influence of societal structures and norms. We live in societies that prize outcomes—success is often defined not by the journey, but by the destination. From a young age, we’re conditioned to focus on results, whether it’s grades in school or milestones in personal and professional lives. This societal molding further deepens our attachment to outcomes and amplifies our detachment from the present.
It is also crucial to understand the role of human consciousness in shaping our experience of time. Our consciousness is not just a passive observer; it actively constructs our sense of reality. Every moment we live is filtered through a myriad of cognitive processes, memories, and emotions. This complexity means that we often don’t experience the world “as it is” but rather “as we are.”
Neurologically speaking, our brain’s default mode network, an intricate web of interconnected brain regions, becomes most active when our attention is not occupied by tasks. This network is linked with thinking about others, thinking about oneself, remembering the past, and planning for the future. Thus, even when we aim to be in the present, our brains often naturally drift towards contemplations of the past and future. The challenges in remaining present can also be attributed to our cognitive structures, which include biases, such as the “negativity bias” – our innate human tendency to give more weight to negative experiences than positive ones. This bias can cause past traumas or failures to overshadow current joys, anchoring us in bygone moments of pain or disappointment. On the other hand, the future holds the allure of the unknown. This uncertainty can be both enticing and anxiety-inducing. Our modern societies, with their rapid changes and technological advancements, amplify this by creating an environment where change is the only constant. The evolving landscapes of our personal and professional lives mean that the future is more unpredictable than ever, making it a potent magnet for our attention and energy. Yet, amidst these complexities, lies a simple truth: the only tangible reality is the present. While memories shape and color our past and aspirations carve out our perceived futures, the ‘now’ is the only temporal space where action occurs, where life is truly lived.
Let’s explore this further!
What if “Now” encapsulates everything – past, present, and future ? This perspective challenges traditional temporal distinctions or divisions we create in and between Past, Present and Future. This viewpoint reframes our understanding of time and our place within its continuum. When we speak of living in the now, it’s often portrayed as a juxtaposition against being lost in memories of the past or anxieties about the future. However, what if everything is indeed a part of the “now” ?
Imagine time as a vast river. In this river, every drop of water represents a moment. While some drops are behind us (the past) and others ahead (the future), they all collectively belong to the river, which is the “now”. In this perspective, the entirety of existence – our memories, current experiences, and anticipations – are interconnected and concurrently present in an expansive “now”. From this viewpoint, distractions aren’t diversions from the present moment; they are simply different facets of the ever-expanding “now”. The reminiscences of a childhood memory or the contemplation about a future event are as much a part of our current experience as the sensation of the chair we’re sitting on. Every thought, emotion, and sensation, regardless of the temporal context it references, emerges and is experienced in the present moment.
The division we often make between the past, present, and future might be a result of our cognitive architecture. The human mind, in its quest for order and understanding, categorizes experiences. This compartmentalization aids in processing complex information. For instance, labeling an experience as a “memory” helps us contextualize it, discern lessons from it, or even prevent future mistakes. Similarly, projecting into the future can be a survival mechanism, allowing us to anticipate potential threats or opportunities.
However, by understanding that everything occurs in the “now”, we can achieve a form of holistic consciousness. This realization offers liberation. It frees us from the confines of linear temporality and allows a more integrated experience of existence. Such a perspective is echoed in various spiritual and philosophical traditions. For instance, in Eastern philosophies, there’s an emphasis on the interconnectedness of all things, where dichotomies are more apparent than real. Yet, while this concept is enlightening, it’s also challenging. Our societal structures, languages, and even our neurobiology are geared towards a linear understanding of time. Overcoming this deeply ingrained perspective requires consistent introspection and possibly even a paradigm shift in our consciousness.
Let’s delve deeper into the expansive Present:
Linear time, where events occur in a sequence from past to present to future, might be more of a cognitive construct than an intrinsic property of the universe. Physics, especially in the realm of relativity and quantum mechanics, has already shown us that time doesn’t always behave in the ways our everyday experiences might suggest. The famous physicist John Wheeler once proposed the idea of a “participatory universe,” suggesting that observers play a role in shaping their own realities, which includes the experience of time. Every thought, emotion, or memory we experience happens in the present moment of consciousness. Even when we recall a past event or anticipate a future one, that activity occurs in the current moment of awareness. This raises the idea that consciousness itself might be beyond time. It’s a continuous stream where “past” and “future” are merely parts of the grander “now.”
If we fully embrace the idea that everything is part of the “now,” it alters how we relate to our experiences. Regret, nostalgia, anxiety, and hope, which are emotions anchored in our traditional understanding of time, undergo a transformation. For example, instead of feeling regretful for a past decision, understanding its occurrence in the vastness of “now” might lead to acceptance and integration of that experience. Memory plays a crucial role in our understanding of time. Our memories, though referencing past events, are dynamic and malleable. They’re reconstructed every time we recall them. In essence, every time we remember something, we’re experiencing it anew in the present moment. This blurs the boundaries between past events and current experiences, reinforcing the idea of an all-encompassing “now.” While the concept is philosophically and spiritually enriching, it poses challenges in our day-to-day lives dominated by schedules, deadlines, and plans. How does one reconcile the linear demands of modern life with a non-linear understanding of time? This balance requires us to function efficiently in the world while internally maintaining an awareness of the deeper, interconnected reality.
Let’s delve further into More finer details: what if we kill “Now”?
When we speak of “killing” the now, we’re essentially talking about transcending our typical awareness of time and moving into a state of pure being, a consciousness unfettered by the confines of temporal experience. The idea that time itself might be an illusion is not new. From the ancient Eastern philosophies to cutting-edge quantum mechanics, there are suggestions that what we experience as the flow of time might be a cognitive and perceptual construct. Our brains organize experiences in a linear fashion, from cause to effect, creating the sense of a flowing river of moments, from the past, through the present, and into the future. But if we could step outside this stream, what would consciousness look like? If we “kill” the now, we’re essentially trying to access a state of pure awareness—a consciousness devoid of content, without thoughts, perceptions, or sensations. Many meditative practices aim to reach this state, often described as “thoughtless awareness” or “contentless consciousness.” In this state, the meditator isn’t focused on any particular thing (like the breath, a mantra, or an image), but instead simply exists. It’s a state of being rather than doing.
Attempting to attain a state of pure awareness can be paradoxical. The very effort to reach this state can prevent one from achieving it, as effort and intention are temporal and future-oriented in nature. It’s like trying to smooth turbulent water with one’s hand—the act of trying only creates more turbulence. It requires a letting go rather than a striving, a surrender rather than a pursuit. To “kill” the now is to step beyond dualities—the past and future, cause and effect, self and other. This is a realm often spoken of in mysticism and spirituality, where one transcends the perceived divisions of existence. It’s a state of unity, of oneness, where the individual self melts away into the all-encompassing whole.
While these states of consciousness can be transformative, they can be challenging to maintain in our everyday, pragmatic world. Our society operates on schedules, plans, and routines. However, even fleeting experiences of this transcendent state can profoundly affect our daily lives. It can offer insights, change perspectives, and create a deep-seated sense of peace. From the perspective of many ancient traditions, the universe is in a constant dance of creation and destruction. The “now” that we experience is just one beat of this cosmic dance. To “kill” the now is not to negate or nullify it, but to merge with the dance itself, to become one with the rhythm of existence.
Faith – reality in unseen ?
The concept of faith is one of the most profound yet elusive aspects of human life. Rooted in the intangible and often transcending the bounds of logical reasoning, faith is a powerful force that shapes our worldviews, influences our actions, and gives meaning to our existence. In its most fundamental form, faith is a complete trust or confidence in something or someone. However, the nature and implications of faith are much more nuanced and multifaceted.
Faith operates in various dimensions of our lives, not just in religious or spiritual contexts. We exhibit faith when we trust our loved ones, when we believe in the promise of a better future, when we have confidence in our abilities despite past failures, and even when we participate in social or economic systems. Faith, therefore, is deeply ingrained in our daily lives, influencing our decisions and perceptions, often without us consciously realizing it.
When it comes to faith in things unseen or events yet to happen, the dynamics become even more complex. This kind of faith typically involves a degree of uncertainty and mystery. It requires a leap beyond the confines of empirical evidence and tangible proof. But why do we, as rational beings, place faith in the unseen or the unknown?
Part of the answer lies in our inherent desire for meaning, purpose, and connection. As conscious beings, we yearn to understand the world around us, to make sense of our experiences, and to feel connected to something greater than ourselves. This quest for understanding and connection often leads us into the realm of the unseen, the unproven, the mysterious. It’s in this realm that faith becomes an essential tool.
Moreover, our experiences shape our faith. Experiences of love, compassion, resilience, and transformation can reinforce our faith in positive values, in humanity, or in a higher power. On the other hand, experiences of pain, loss, or injustice might challenge or even shatter our faith. Nevertheless, it’s often in the midst of adversity that faith evolves and deepens, as we grapple with questions of meaning, purpose, and hope.
The role of faith in our lives can be multifarious. For some, faith in a divine entity brings comfort and guidance. It instills hope during trials and tribulations, fosters a sense of community and belonging, and provides a moral framework for life. For others, faith in human potential and progress fuels the pursuit of knowledge, justice, and innovation.
Does faith have anything to do with what has happened and what’s going to happen? Indeed, faith is often interwoven with our perceptions of the past, present, and future. Past experiences can shape our faith, as we learn from our triumphs and failures, joys and sorrows. Our faith, in turn, influences how we navigate the present and envision the future. It can give us the courage to face challenges, the patience to endure hardships, and the inspiration to dream and create.
At the same time, faith is not about predicting the future with certainty. Rather, it’s about embracing uncertainty with hope and resilience. It’s about daring to dream, to strive, and to love, even when the outcomes are unknown. It’s about trusting in the potential for growth, transformation, and transcendence, regardless of our current circumstances or past experiences.
Is faith real? The reality of faith might not be tangible or measurable, but its impact on human life is undeniable. Across cultures and throughout history, faith has inspired art and literature, fueled social movements, shaped civilizations, and transformed individual lives. Its reality is manifested in the courage of those who dare to dream and create, in the resilience of those who endure suffering with hope, and in the love and compassion that transcend boundaries of race, religion, and ideology.
It’s worth noting, however, that faith is not about passive acceptance or blind allegiance. True faith involves questioning, seeking, and growing. It’s a dynamic, evolving journey rather than a fixed destination. It requires humility to acknowledge the unknown, courage to question and explore, and wisdom to discern truth from illusion. While the nature of faith is complex and elusive, its essence can be encapsulated in the timeless words of Martin Luther King Jr.: “Faith is taking the first step even when you don’t see the whole staircase.”
To deepen our exploration of faith, let’s consider it from various perspectives: philosophical, psychological, sociological, and spiritual.
From a philosophical perspective, faith brings up interesting questions about knowledge and belief. Philosophers have long pondered how we can justify our beliefs or knowledge claims, particularly when they concern the unseen or the unproven. Can faith be considered a form of knowledge? Does it require justification or evidence? Different philosophical traditions offer diverse answers. For instance, the school of pragmatism posits that beliefs (and by extension, faith) can be justified if they yield positive outcomes or experiences.
From a psychological perspective, faith can be viewed as a cognitive and emotional mechanism that helps us navigate uncertainty and complexity. For instance, when we face a difficult decision or an unpredictable situation, faith can provide a sense of direction and confidence. Psychological research has shown that faith (both religious and secular) can contribute to mental well-being, resilience, and prosocial behavior. For instance, faith in one’s abilities (also known as self-efficacy) is a key factor in motivation and achievement.
From a sociological perspective, faith plays a crucial role in social cohesion and collective action. Shared beliefs and values can foster a sense of community and cooperation, enabling societies to function and evolve. For example, faith in democratic values underpins democratic institutions and practices. Moreover, faith can inspire social change. The civil rights movement in the United States, led by figures like Martin Luther King Jr., is a powerful example of faith-driven social activism.
From a spiritual perspective, faith is often associated with the relationship between the human soul and the divine or the transcendent. Faith can manifest as trust in divine providence, commitment to spiritual practices, or aspiration for spiritual growth. For instance, in the Bhagavad Gita, a sacred text of Hinduism, Lord Krishna advises Arjuna to perform his duty with faith and without attachment to the results – a principle known as Karma Yoga.
Let’s consider a few examples that illuminate the multifaceted nature of faith. Imagine a student who is preparing for a challenging exam. Her faith in her abilities motivates her to study diligently. She also has faith in the fairness of the educational system and the value of her chosen field of study. This faith sustains her through the stress and uncertainty of the exam period.
Consider also the example of a social activist. He has faith in the possibility of a more just and sustainable world. This faith fuels his advocacy and activism, despite the challenges and setbacks he might face. He also has faith in the power of collective action and the potential for social change.
Finally, contemplate the faith of a spiritual seeker. She has faith in a higher power and a deeper reality beyond the material world. This faith guides her spiritual practices and informs her life choices. Even in the face of doubt or despair, her faith provides a source of strength and solace.
Let’s consider some more aspects of faith: faith as an act of surrender, faith and reason, faith and doubt, and faith as a dynamic process.
- Faith as an Act of Surrender: In many spiritual traditions, faith is often depicted as a surrender, a relinquishing of the illusion of control. When we face life’s uncertainties, we often try to manipulate outcomes according to our desires. However, faith involves trusting the flow of life, even when it does not conform to our expectations. It’s like floating on the surface of a vast ocean, trusting in its currents to guide us, rather than struggling against them. This concept of surrender is not about inaction or defeat, but about embracing life’s unpredictability and recognizing our limited perspective.
- Faith and Reason: Faith and reason are often viewed as conflicting forces, particularly in the discourse between science and religion. However, they can also be seen as complementary aspects of our human quest for understanding. Reason involves the critical examination of evidence and the logical analysis of ideas. It is indispensable in our pursuit of empirical knowledge and practical wisdom. Faith, on the other hand, steps in where reason reaches its limits. It enables us to navigate the mysteries of existence, to live with uncertainty, and to aspire for ideals that transcend empirical evidence.
- Faith and Doubt: Doubt is often seen as the antithesis of faith, but it can also be an integral part of the journey of faith. Doubt prompts us to question our beliefs, to seek deeper understanding, and to remain open to new insights. A faith that has never been challenged by doubt may be unexamined or dogmatic. As philosopher Paul Tillich put it, “Doubt is not the opposite of faith; it is one element of faith.”
- Faith as a Dynamic Process: Faith is not a static state but a dynamic process. It evolves as we encounter new experiences, insights, and challenges. Faith is not about clinging to fixed beliefs, but about cultivating a receptive and resilient spirit. It involves not only trusting in something beyond ourselves but also believing in our capacity to learn, grow, and adapt.
To illustrate these aspects, let’s revisit our previous examples. The student preparing for an exam may experience moments of self-doubt and anxiety. However, she can choose to see these challenges as opportunities for growth rather than threats to her faith in her abilities. By acknowledging her doubts, she can deepen her understanding of herself and her aspirations. By surrendering to the process, she can relieve her anxiety and focus on her effort rather than the outcome.
The social activist might face skepticism or opposition, testing his faith in his cause. But rather than deterring him, these challenges can strengthen his commitment and clarify his vision. His faith is not a blind belief but a conscious choice, informed by his understanding of social issues and his conviction in the power of change.
The spiritual seeker may grapple with profound questions about the divine and the nature of existence. Her faith does not prevent her from questioning or exploring different perspectives. Instead, it serves as a compass in her spiritual quest, guiding her through the vast and often confusing landscape of spiritual wisdom.
These examples underscore the richness and complexity of faith. Rather than a monolithic entity, faith is a kaleidoscope of perspectives, experiences, and choices. It is a multifaceted gem, whose beauty and depth are revealed in the light of our personal and collective journeys.
Abhishek Fanse 